“表达有关癌症的英è¯å¦ä¹ 情景(一)â€�相信是准备å¦ä¹ 医å¦è‹±è¯çš„æœ‹å�‹æ¯”较关注的事情,为帮助å¦å‘˜æœ‹å�‹ä»¬ç�†è§£ï¼ŒåŒ»å¦æ•™è‚²ç½‘å°�ç¼–æ•´ç�†å†…容如下:
General evaluation. The diagnosis of cancer can be simple or it can challenge all the skills of clinical investigation.
æ™®é��诊æ–。癌症的诊æ–å�¯é�žå¸¸å®¹æ˜“,也å�¯æŒ‘æˆ˜ä¸´åºŠç ”ç©¶çš„æ‰€æœ‰æŠ€èƒ½ã€‚
In some instances metastatic tumors may be the first indication of cancer, and the primary lesion may escape efforts at detection.
有时转移癌�能是癌症的第一指�,而原��害�难以�现。
The challenge is to detect cancer as early as possible, when it is most likely to be cured.
我们所é�¢ä¸´çš„æŒ‘战是尽早å�‘现癌症,尽早å�‘çŽ°å¢žåŠ æ²»æ„ˆå�¯èƒ½ã€‚
One third of new patients have in situ or localized cancer, one quarter have regional lymph node disease,
在所有新病人ä¸ï¼Œä¸‰åˆ†ä¹‹ä¸€æ˜¯åŽŸä½�癌,四分之一患局部淋巴结疾病,
and one third have distant diseaseï¼›the remaining few per cent have disease of undefined stage.
三分之一有转移性疾病,少数病患的病情阶段尚未明确。
Early detection of localized disease is aided by an awareness of risk factors in the family history, personal habits (tobacco, alcohol, sun exposure) and occupational exposure (asbestos, chromium, benzene)。
为尽早å�‘现原ä½�癌,我们è¦�通过家æ—�å�²ã€�ä¸ªäººä¹ æƒ¯ï¼ˆæŠ½çƒŸã€�饮酒ã€�光照)以å�Šè�Œä¸šæ€§ç…§å°„(石绵ã€�铬ã€�苯)的å�±é™©ç³»æ•°æ�¥æ‰¶åŠ©æ£€æµ‹ã€‚
It also requires attention to subtle and nonspecific symptoms of fatigue, weakness, weight loss, depression, headache, pain, changes in bowel habits,
还�注�疲劳�虚弱����抑��头疼�疼痛�排便�
persistent cough or hoarseness, rectal bleeding,and other clues from the history.
æŒ�ç»å’³å—½ã€�声音嘶哑ã€�ç›´è‚ å‡ºè¡€ã€�å®¶æ—�å�²ç‰ç»†å¾®æˆ–é�žç‰¹å®šç—‡çŠ¶ã€‚
In evaluating a patient who presents with nonspecific symptoms that might be indicators of malignancy, such as weight loss, fever, or fatigue,
åœ¨è¯Šæ–æœ‰é�žç‰¹å®šç—‡çŠ¶çš„ç—…æ‚£æ—¶ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚å‡�é‡�ã€�高烧或疲劳,这些或是æ�¶æ€§è‚¿ç˜¤çš„æ ‡å¿—,
the physician should carefully examine all mucosal surfaces, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum for masses or ulcerated lesions.
医生è¦�细心检测所有粘膜表é�¢ã€�ä¹™çŠ¶ç»“è‚ ï¼Œç›´è‚ è‚¿å�—或溃疡性病å�˜ã€‚
In addition to elements of a routine examination, stool should be tested for occult blood.
除了常规检测,粪便�进行�血试验。
More subtle clues may be seen in the skin with finding such as petechiae, hyper-pigmentation of skin folds (acanthosis nigricans) , or atypical moles (dysplastic nevi)。
我们还�以在皮肤上�现细微�兆,例如淤点�皮皱深度过度(黑棘皮症)或是�典型痣(�育�良性痣)
Attention should be paid to the presence of systemic cancer-associated effects, such as neuromyopathies.
�对出现的全身性癌症病症给予关注,比如神�肌病。
Leads from laboratory testing may be found in unexplained anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypercalcemia, or elevation of serum LDH and acid or alkaline phosphatase levels.
实验室检测æ��示ä¸�æ˜ŽåŽŸå› çš„è´«è¡€ï¼Œè¡€å°�æ�¿å‡�少,高钙血症以å�Šè¡€æ¸…乳酸脱氢酶ã€�酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶水平的å�‡é«˜ã€‚
Other frequent harbingers of cancer are pulmonary nodules or radiolucent bone lesions associated with new bone pain.
其它常�先兆有肺结节,以�与新骨痛有关的��性骨病。

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