“2021医å¦è€ƒå�šè‹±è¯çƒç‚¹è¯�题:阿尔兹海默症â€�相信是准备å�‚åŠ å…¨å›½åŒ»å¦å�šå£«å¤–è¯ç»Ÿä¸€è€ƒè¯•的朋å�‹æ¯”较关注的事情,为æ¤ï¼ŒåŒ»å¦æ•™è‚²ç½‘å°�ç¼–æ•´ç�†å†…容如下:
医å¦è€ƒå�šé¢˜ä¸å¤šæ¬¡å‡ºçŽ°çš„â€œçˆ†æ¬¾â€�,è€�年疾病类的è¯�题,这次给大家é‡�点推è��,AD——Alzheimer's disease 阿尔兹海默症。也是希望在临床一线奋斗的å°�伙伴们,çœ�æ—¶çœ�力,轻æ�¾æŠŠæ�¡è€ƒå�šçš„出题方å�‘。
ä¸�ä¿¡ä½ æ‰’ä¸€æ‰’2007年,2009年,2013年~2016年的阅读题目ä¸ï¼Œéƒ½æœ‰ç›´æŽ¥çš„AD相关考题出现。也就是说,10年考题它出现了6次之多。下é�¢ç»™å¤§å®¶æ•´ç�†äº†ä¸€äº›è‹±æ–‡æ��料。
Every four seconds, someone is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.
å¹³å�‡æ¯�4ç§’å°±ä¼šæœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªäººè¢«è¯Šæ–æ‚£æœ‰é˜¿å…¹æµ·é»˜ç—‡ã€‚
It's the most common cause of dementia, affecting over 40 million people worldwide,
è¿™æ˜¯é€ æˆ�痴呆的头å�·åŽŸå› ï¼Œå½±å“�ç�€å…¨ç�ƒ4å�ƒå¤šä¸‡äººï¼Œ
and yet finding a cure is something that still eludes researchers today.
ç„¶è€Œç ”ç©¶äººå‘˜è‡³ä»Šä¹Ÿæ²¡èƒ½æ‰¾åˆ°æ²»æ„ˆè¿™ç§�病的方法。
Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German psychiatrist,
爱罗斯。阿兹海默å�šå£«ä¸€ä½�德国精神病å¦å®¶ï¼Œ
first described the symptoms in 1901 when he noticed that a particular hospital patient hadsome peculiar problems,
于1901年在注�到�一�患者的特有症状之�,首次�述了它。
including difficulty sleeping, disturbed memory, drastic mood changes, and increasingconfusion.
这�患者的特有症状包括入�困难�记忆力异常�剧烈的情绪波动以�越�严�的精神混乱。
When the patient passed away, Alzheimer was able to do an autopsy
当这�病人去世之�,阿兹海默得以解剖尸体,
and test his idea that perhaps her symptoms were caused by irregularities in the brain'sstructure.
从而测试他的ç�†è®ºï¼Œä¹Ÿå°±æ˜¯å¯¼è‡´å¥¹é‚£äº›ç—…ç—‡çš„åŽŸå› æ˜¯å¤§è„‘å†…éƒ¨çš„ä¸€äº›ä¸�规律的现象。
What he found beneath the microscope were visible differences in brain tissue
在他显微镜下å�‘现的是大脑组织ä¸å�¯è§�的,
in the form of misfolded proteins called plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles.
错误折å� 的蛋白质,也就是神ç»�斑以å�Šç¥žç»�å…ƒçº¤ç»´ç¼ ç»“ã€‚
Those plaques and tangles work together to break down the brain's structure.
这些神ç»�斑和神ç»�å…ƒçº¤ç»´ç¼ ç»“å…±å�Œä½œç”¨ï¼Œæ¯�å��了大脑的结构。
Plaques arise when another protein in the fatty membrane surrounding nerve cells gets slicedup by a particular enzyme,
当神�细胞周围的脂肪膜里�的蛋白质被一�特定的酶切割�一片片
resulting in beta-amyloid proteins, which are sticky and have a tendency to clump together.
å¹¶å½¢æˆ�有粘性的容易结å�—的β-æ·€ç²‰æ ·è›‹ç™½æ—¶ï¼Œç¥žç»�斑就形æˆ�了。
That clumping is what forms the things we know as plaques.
结�的时候就产生了我们所知�的“神�斑�。
These clumps block signaling and, therefore, communication between cells,
这些å�—状的东西会阻挡信å�·ä¼ é€’ï¼Œå› æ¤é˜»æŒ¡äº†ç»†èƒžä¹‹é—´çš„交æµ�,
and also seem to trigger immune reactions that cause the destruction of disabled nerve cells.
貌似还引å�‘了导致å�—æ�Ÿçš„神ç»�细胞æ¯�ç�çš„å…�ç–«å��应。
In Alzheimer's disease, neurofibrillary tangles are built from a protein known as tau.
在阿兹海默症ä¸ï¼Œç¥žç»�å…ƒçº¤ç»´ç¼ ç»“æ�¥æº�于一ç§�å��为“tauâ€�的蛋白。
The brain's nerve cells contain a network of tubes that act like a highway for food moleculesamong other things.
大脑神ç»�细胞包å�«äº†ä¸€ä¸ªç”±å¾ˆå¤šç®¡é�“组æˆ�的网络,这些管é�“åƒ�是食物分å�在其他物质ä¸çš„高速公路。
Usually, the tau protein ensures that these tubes are straight, allowing molecules to passthrough freely.
通常,tau蛋白会确ä¿�这些管é�“的笔直顺畅,好让å�„ç§�分å�自由通过。
But in Alzheimer's disease, the protein collapses into twisted strands or tangles,
但得了阿兹海默症å�Žï¼Œè¿™äº›è›‹ç™½æ‰æ›²æˆ�一æ�Ÿæ�Ÿæˆ–ç¼ ç»“åœ¨ä¸€èµ·ï¼Œ
making the tubes disintegrate, obstructing nutrients from reaching the nerve cell and leadingto cell death.
é€ æˆ�那些管é�“的分解,使得è�¥å…»ä¸�能到达神ç»�细胞,从而导致细胞的æ»äº¡ã€‚
The destructive pairing of plaques and tangles starts in a region called the hippocampus,
神ç»�斑和神ç»�å…ƒçº¤ç»´ç¼ ç»“çš„å…±å�Œä½œæ�¶å§‹äºŽä¸€ä¸ªå�«å�šæµ·é©¬ä½“çš„åŒºåŸŸï¼Œ
which is responsible for forming memories.
这个区域专门负责记忆的形�。
That's why short-term memory loss is usually the first symptom of Alzheimer's.
è¿™å°±æ˜¯ä¸ºä»€ä¹ˆçŸæœŸè®°å¿†ä¸§å¤±é€šå¸¸æ˜¯é˜¿å…¹æµ·é»˜ç—‡çš„第一个症状。
The proteins then progressively invade other parts of the brain,
接�这些蛋白会��侵犯大脑的其他部�,
creating unique changes that signal various stages of the disease.
阿兹海默症的�个��阶段的特殊症状��出现。
At the front of the brain, the proteins destroy the ability to process logical thoughts.
在大脑å‰�é�¢çš„部ä½�ï¼Œè¿™äº›è›‹ç™½ä¼šç ´å��逻辑æ€�考的能力。
Next, they shift to the region that controls emotions, resulting in erratic mood changes.
接�,它们转移到大脑控制情感的部�,从而导致�稳定的情绪波动。
At the top of the brain, they cause paranoia and hallucinations,
åœ¨å¤§è„‘é¡¶éƒ¨ï¼Œå®ƒä»¬ä¼šé€ æˆ�妄想症和幻觉,
and once they reach the brain's rear, the plaques and tangles work together to erase themind's deepest memories.
而一旦它们到达大脑å�Žéƒ¨ï¼Œç¥žç»�斑和神ç»�å…ƒçº¤ç»´ç¼ ç»“ä¼šå…±å�Œä½œç”¨ï¼ŒæŠ¹åŽ»å¤§è„‘æœ€æ·±å¤„çš„è®°å¿†ã€‚
Eventually the control centers governing heart rate and breathing are overpowered as wellresulting in death.
最终,掌控心跳和呼å�¸çš„æŽ§åˆ¶ä¸å¿ƒä¹Ÿä¼šå�—到侵犯,并导致æ»äº¡ã€‚
The immensely destructive nature of this disease has inspired many researchers to look for acure
阿兹海默症的这ç§�å·¨å¤§çš„ç ´å��力,激å�‘äº†å¾ˆå¤šç ”ç©¶äººå‘˜åŽ»å¯»æ‰¾ä¸€ä¸ªæ²»ç–—æ–¹æ¡ˆï¼Œ
but currently they're focused on slowing its progression.
但是目å‰�他们主è¦�ä¸“æ³¨äºŽç ”ç©¶å¦‚ä½•å»¶ç¼“ç–¾ç—…æ�¶åŒ–。
One temporary treatment helps reduce the break down of acetylcholine, an important chemicalmessenger in the brain
一个暂时的治疗方案å�¯ä»¥å‡�少乙酰胆碱的分解,乙酰胆碱是大脑里é�¢çš„一ç§�é‡�è¦�的化å¦ä¿¡ä½¿ï¼Œ
which is decreased in Alzheimer's patients due to the death of the nerve cells that make it.
é˜¿å…¹æµ·é»˜ç—‡ç—…äººç”±äºŽåˆ¶é€ ä¹™é…°èƒ†ç¢±çš„ç¥žç»�细胞的æ»äº¡è€Œç¼ºä¹�è¿™ç§�化å¦ä¿¡ä½¿ã€‚
Another possible solution is a vaccine
�一个�能的解决方案是一�疫苗,
that trains the body's immune system to attack beta-amyloid plaques before they can formclumps.
è¿™ç§�ç–«è‹—å�¯ä»¥è®ç»ƒèº«ä½“å…�疫系统在β-æ·€ç²‰æ ·è›‹ç™½æ–‘å½¢æˆ�结å�—之å‰�攻击它们。
But we still need to find an actual cure.
ä¸�过我们ä»�然需è¦�找到一ç§�真æ£çš„æ²»ç–—方案。
Alzheimer's disease was discovered more than a century ago, and yet still it is not wellunderstood.
阿兹海默症早在一个多世纪以�就已�被�现了,而我们至今�还没有完全了解它。
Perhaps one day we'll grasp the exact mechanisms at work behind this threat and a solutionwill be unearthed.
也许有一天我们会明白这个��背�的具体机制,并�现一个解决方案。
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