Preoperative Assessment术�评估
  Assessment and Implementation评估实施
  1.Use Standard Protocol.é‡‡ç”¨æ ‡å‡†æŠ¤ç�†ç¨‹åº�
  2.Determine if the client has any communication impairment and if the client is mentally competent.测定病人å˜åœ¨æ²Ÿé€šéšœç¢�,心智是å�¦å�¥å…¨ã€‚
  3.Assess the client's understanding of the intended surgery and anesthesia.评估病人是�了解�将进行的手术�麻醉。
  4.Obtain a nursing history:获�护��
  A.Condition leading to surgery 需手术的病情
  B. The need for isolation precautions. 隔离需�
  C.Chronic illnesses. 慢性疾病
  D.Last menstrual period (for female clients in childbearing years)。 末次月�(育龄期女性病人)
  E.Previous hospitalizations. 既往�院�
  F.Medication history, including prescription and over-the-counter (OTC), and date/time of last doses. 用��,包括处方与�处方�,末次用�日期/时间
  G.Previous experience with surgery and anesthesia.既往手术�麻醉�
  H.Family history of complications from surgery or anesthesia. å®¶åºæ‰‹æœ¯æˆ–麻醉并å�‘ç—‡å�²
  I.Allergies to medications or food, including specific questions about natural rubber latex.�物或食物过��,包括天然橡胶特�过��应
  J.Physical impairment. 身体��情况
  K.Prostheses and implants (e.g., dentures, hearing aid, pacemaker, internal defibrillator, hip prosthesis)�体和移�(如义齿�助�器�起�器�除颤器�人工髋关节)
  L.Smoking, alcohol, and drug use. �烟�饮酒和�毒�
  M.Occupation �业
  5.Assess client's weight, height, and vital signs.评估病人体��身高和生命体�。
  6.Assess client's respiratory status, including character and rate of respirations, oxygen saturation, ability to breathe lying flat, and chest x-ray report.评估病人呼�系统状况,包括呼�特�与速度,氧饱和度,平�呼�能力�胸片。
  7.Assess client's circulatory status, including apical pulse, electrocardiogram (ECG) report, and peripheral pulses.评估病人循环系统状况,包括心尖�动�心电图和周围脉�。
  8.Determine client's neurological status, including level of consciousness (LOC)。测定病人神ç»�å¦çŠ¶å†µï¼ŒåŒ…æ‹¬ç¥žå¿—æ¸…é†’ç¨‹åº¦ã€‚
  9.Assess client's musculoskeletal system,including range of motion (ROM) of joints.评估病人肌骨骼系统,包括关节活动度。
  10.Examine client's skin; identify any breaks in skin integrity and determine level of hydration.检查病人皮肤,确认皮肤完整性��情况,确定水�程度。
  11.Assess client's emotional status, including level of anxiety, coping ability, and family support.评估病人情绪状况,包括焦虑程度ã€�åº”å¯¹èƒ½åŠ›å’Œå®¶åºæ”¯æ�´ã€‚
  12.Review the results of laboratory tests, including complete blood count (CBC), electrolytes, urinalysis, and other diagnostic tests.审查化验报告,包括全血计数ã€�电解质ã€�尿检和其他诊æ–试验。
  13.Ask if client has an advanced directive.询问病人是�得到事先说明。
  14.Identify the time of client's last intake of food or drink.确认病人上次摄食与饮水时间。
  15.Use Completion Protocol.采用护ç�†å®Œæˆ�æ ‡å‡†ç¨‹åº�。
  Evaluation评价
  1.Review records to determine if necessary information has been assessed.�查记录,确定必需项目是�得到评估。
  2.Evaluate client's ability to cooperate.评价病人�作能力。
  Identify Unexpected Outcomes and Nursing Interventions确认�外结果与护�措施
  Record and Report记录与报告
  1.Using agency format (preoperative checklist), complete all essential information.é‡‡ç”¨æœºæž„è¡¨æ ¼ï¼ˆæœ¯å‰�目录å�•),填写全部é‡�è¦�ä¿¡æ�¯ã€‚
  2.Report abnormal laboratory values and other concerns to the surgeon or anesthesiologist.�手术医生或麻醉师报告异常化验值�其他问题。